In order to investigate the possibility of quinoa producing in Garmsar, Iran, a factorial experiment conducted in rANDomized complete block design with three replications in 2018-2019 growing season at Garmsar Agricultural Research Station. The factors were planting date at three levels (March 6th, April 1st AND April 6th) AND the three genotypes of quinoa (Q26, Q29 AND Titicaca). Results showed that the effect of planting date was significant for all studied traits except the harvest index. Also, all studied traits were significantly different in all genotypes. Titicaca planted on March 6th had the highest yield (2276 kg.ha-1).The grain yield AND yield COMPONENTs decreased with the delaying the planting date. Compared to early plantings, Latest date, April 6th, led to reduction of all traits, especially grain yield (about 50%). The results of simple phenotypic correlation between the studied traits showed that grain yield per hectare had the highest correlation with plant yield (0.877) AND then with leaf area index (0.832), panicle weight (0.815) AND number of branches per plant (0.745) that was significant at the 1% probability level.

Recognition AND understANDing the genetic control of traits, combining ability AND genetic structure are directly related to the success of breeding programs. For this purpose, a 7 × 7 one-way diallel design was conducted in a rANDomized complete block design with three replications. The measured traits were included plant height, height to the first capsule, number of days to 50% AND 90% of flowering, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, number of days to physiological ripening, number of branches, leaves number AND length, 1000-seeds weight, capsule weight, length AND width, chlorophyll a, b AND total chlorophyll, biological ANDeconomic yields, harvest index, oil AND protein percentage. ANALYSIS of variance showed that there was a significant difference between genotypes AND diallel ANALYSIS showed that the additive variance of all traits AND dominant variance of all traits except height to the first fruit-bearing capsule were significant. The oltan cultivar was the best AND Ardestan genotype was the worst genotype in terms of general combining ability. Sabzevar×TS-3 AND Sirjan×Fars were the best hybrids in most traits. The general heritability was between 0.90 to 0.96 for biologic yield AND number of branches, respectively AND narrow heritability was between 0.36 to 0.91 for the number of branches AND harvest index, respectively. The ANALYSIS of variance by Hayman method confirmed the results of Griffing ANALYSIS.

To evaluate the effect of nitrogen AND water withholding in vegetative growth stage of corn on efficacy of nicosulfuron AND 2,4-D+ MCPA an experiment was conducted as a factorial arrangement in a rANDomized complete block design with three replications at Tarbiat Modares University in 2017. The first factor contained four treatments including application of nicosulfuron, 2,4-D+ MCPA, weed free AND weed infested as control. The second factor consisted of normal irrigation AND water withholding from 4 to 8 leaf stage. Third factor contained either urea application or no fertilizer application. Normal irrigation AND nitrogen fertilizer application significantly increased nicosulfuron AND 2,4-D+ MCPA efficacy in weed control AND total weed dry weight decreased to 341 AND 361 g.m-2 respectively compared 1370 g.m-2 as weed infested. Nicosulfuron AND 2,4-D+ MCPA reduced weed total dry weight significantly under irrigation withholding. Grain yield increased with application of nitrogen AND nicosulfuron. Grain yield was higher with application of 2,4-D+ MCPA than nicosulfuron without nitrogen application under irrigation withholding. Application of nicosulfuron with nitrogen application provided satisfactory weed control AND increased grain yield.

This study was conducted during summer AND winter of 2018- 2019 in the agricultural research field of Shahid Chamran University. Experimental design was split- plot based on RCBD with three replications. The main plot was the type of agricultural system in three levels including conventional (Conv), organic (Org) AND sustainable (Sust) (integrated between Conv AND Org) AND sup- plot was the type of pre- cultivated CROP in sequence with wheat including cultivation of mung bean (M- W), corn (C- W), sesame (S- W) AND fallow (F- W). Yield quantity (yield AND its COMPONENT) AND quality (grain protein), an estimate of photosynthesis matter transfer index of wheat AND soil organic carbon (SOC) after one double-CROPping were measured. The result showed that the highest (545.04 g/m2) AND the lowest (409.28 g/m2) seed yields were obtained in Conv AND Org respectively. In contract, with the changing type of system from Conv to Org, grain protein was increased significantly (from 8.3 to 9.6 %). In addition, the highest (535.47 g/m2) yield of wheat was obtained from M- W double CROPping. On the other hANDs the highest remobilization AND current photosynthesis matter were obtained in the organic agricultural system with M- W AND conventional with M- W double CROPping. The situation of SOC showed that the highest (33.18 mg/g) SOC was obtained in the organic agricultural system with C- W double CROPping. The reason for improving SOC in the organic AND sustainable agricultural system was application of organic matter (compost AND vermicompost) AND CROP residue management. Totally, from the CROP ecology point of view, sustainable agricultural method with a sequence of M- W was the most desirable system.

In order to identify the correlations AND relationships between different traits in the bread wheat, 30 genotypes were investigated as sub-factors under the split plot experiment in the completely rANDomized design in greenhouse AND the rANDomized complete block design in the field with three replications under the normal irrigation AND post-anthesis water stress conditions. The results of the canonical correlation ANALYSIS showed that at both normal AND moisture stress levels, there was a significant correlation between the pair of canonical variables obtained from the phenological traits AND the yield COMPONENTs. Under the normal conditions in the greenhouse, to increase the spike density AND length, the number of days to 50% flowering can be considered as a suitable selection criterion. According to the results of canonical correlation ANALYSIS, under the stressed conditions in greenhouse, to increase the spike length, the number of days to the heading, maturity AND 50% of flowering were among the important AND effective factors. Under the optimum irrigation conditions in the field, the number of days to maturity was considered as one of the factors influencing the seed weight per spike. The results of canonical correlation ANALYSIS under the field stress conditions showed that to increase the 1000-seed weight, the number of days to maturity can be considered an appropriate selection criterion.

Successful implementation of soil AND CROP management program requires quantitative knowledge of site characteristics AND interactions that affect CROP yield. Soil properties are one of the most important site variables affecting within- field yield variability. The objective of this research was to identify intercorrelations among soil properties (chemical, physical AND biological) using PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS (PCA) AND their relationships with maize yield variability in field. Site variables (18) AND maize yield were measured in selected parts of Astan Quds agricultural fields in Mashhad city. The PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS was used to reduce the site variables numbers AND remove multicollinearity among variables. The first four PCs with eigenvalues>1 accounted for>67% of variability in measured soil properties. Soil properties were grouped in four PCs as: (PC1) Soil highly descriptive fertility potential, (PC2) Soil moderately descriptive fertility potential, (PC3) Soil permeability potential, (PC4) Soil aggregation potential. The results showed that the factor of soil highly descriptive fertility potential explained 43% of variance AND accounted for 77% of the yield variability in the field. PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS allows explaining a major part of CROP yield variability by removing the multicollinearity.

PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS is a valid method used for data compression AND information extraction in a given set of experiments. It is a well-known classical data ANALYSIS technique. There are a number of algorithms for solving the problems, some scaling better than others. Wheat ranks as the staple food of most of the nations as well as an agent of poverty reduction, food security AND world peace. Due to limited sowing time AND conventional CROPping pattern the wheat yield suffers. Efficient tillage methods maintain soil health AND CROPs RESPONSE. The present investigations were carried out to study the effects of different tillage systems on yield AND yield contributing traits, using RANDomized Complete Block Design. Two tillage systems i.e. conservation tillage AND conventional tillage were used. Three PRINCIPAL COMPONENTs were sufficient to explain the variations. The traits plant height, number of leaves, number of tillers, peduncle length, spike length, number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike, grain weight per spike AND grain yield were affected significantly under conservation tillage as well as conventional tillage systems. The graphic representation showed that yield contributing traits behaved best in conservation tillage practice. The present study revealed that conservation tillage method produced optimum yield for wheat production.

To investigate the RESPONSE of corn to combined application of chemical fertilizers with rhizobacteria plant growth promoting, an experiment was conducted in 2017 at Research farm of Agricultural AND Natural Resources Campus of Tehran University, Karaj, Iran, in a rANDomized complete block design with four replications. Four nutritional treatments including T1 (Control treatment without applying fertilizer), T2 (Just PGPRs), T3 (Use chemical fertilizers based on soil test) AND T4 (T3 + PGPRs) were considered. According to the results, the highest total dry weight (3.9 kg/m2), CROP growth rate (79.8 g.m-2.day-1), net assimilation rate (15.3 g.m-2.day-1) AND grain yield (18.2 ton.ha-1) were observed in T4 treatment AND T2 treatment produced the highest  leaf area index (5.3), leaf area duration (205.2) AND specific leaf weight (78.5 g.m-2) . Also, the lowest value of all traits was observed in in T1 (control) treatment. The results showed that the presence of rhizobacteria plant growth promotioninduction in the corn nutrition program increased the growth AND growth indices of the plant. Combined application of chemical fertilizers with rhizobacteria plant growth promoting resulted in the highest growth AND final grain yield of corn.